2020년 8월 25일 화요일

09.02 - To Feed Or Not To Feed

09.02 - To Feed Or Not To Feed



To feed or not to feed? That is the question. When is a black hole eating and when is it taking a rest? The black hole candidates that we observe in the sky aren't always dark and they don't always have bright accretion disks either. Black holes change in brightness and emission wavelengths depending on how they're eating.

(몸집을) 불리느냐 마느냐? 그것이 문제로다. 블랙홀이 물질들을 빨아들일 때는 언재고 쉴때도 있을까? 우리가 주시하고 있는 블랙홀의 후보 중에는 항상 검거나 강착 원반에서 항상 빛을 내고 있지 않다. 그 블랙홀이 무엇을 흡수하고 있는지에 따라 밝기와 방출 파장이 변한다.



A better question to ask might be, how does a black hole actually reach its food?. We know that if anything strays too close, the black hole will gobble it up. Almost by definition, that's what black holes are. If a star, a cloud of gas, salmon, spacecraft or an astronaut venture too close to a black hole, they'll be pulled inwards, as well, into the accretion disk.

블랙홀이 어떻게 흡수할 물질들에 접근하는지가 더 궁금하다. 가까운 것들은 뭐든 빨아들인다고 이미 알고 있다. 블랙홀의 정의가 바로 그런 것이다. 별이 됐든, 가스 구름이든, 연어든, 우주선이든 심지어 우주비행사든 블랙홀에 가까이 가기만 하면 강착원반이 되어 안으로 빨려 들어간다.



The emissions from the accretion of material onto the black hole causes the black hole's accretion disk to become visible across the electromagnetic spectrum from long radio wavelengths to short X-rays and gamma rays.

블랙홀로 들어붙는(흡입되는) 물질은 강착원반이 되는데 이곳에서 긴파장의 전파에서 아주 짧은 파장의 X 선과 감마선에 이르기까지 전자기 스펙트럼의 넓은 범위에서 방출이 일어난다. 

It's only when a black hole is feeding that astronomers are able to investigate the type of food that it's feasting on. It could be sipping on a star, nibbling on a nebula, digesting dust or even slurping up spaghettified space travelers.

블랙홀이 몸집을 불리는 동안에(강착원반이 생성되므로) 비로서 천문학자는 빨려들어가는 물질이 무엇인지 관측할 수 있다. 별을 마시거나 성운을 홀짝이거나 먼지들을 소화중일지 모르고 심지어 스파게티화된 우주비행사를 우걱거리는 중일 것이다.


An actively accreting black hole can provide astronomers with the opportunity to test and gain a greater understanding of the underlying physics governing the processes which feed the black hole including opportunities to put general relativity to the test in the strongest gravitational environments known to science.

왕성하게 활동하는 블랙홀은 천문학자들이 이제껏 과학계에 알려진 강력한 중련환경 하에서 일반상대론을 포함한 흡착의 과정을 지배하는 물리학의 원리를 시험해 보고 더많은 이해를 취할 기회를 제공한다.

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One of the effects astronomers measure is the Doppler Shift that occur due to the rotation of the accretion disk. If we look at a disk up close, we can see that one side is moving towards us while the other side is moving away. As the disk spins, the light emitted from the side moving towards us is blueshifted because the light wavelength is compressed, while the photons we receive from the side moving away from us are redshifted. Their wavelengths are elongated.

천문학자들이 관측하는 현상 중 하나가 바로 도플러 편이다. 강착원반의 회전으로 인해 방출되는 빛의 편이가 일어난다.



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Observing accreting black holes is a major test in determining the veracity of competing scientific models. The corona, for example, is thought to be described by the Lamp Post Model or the Sandwich Model. My stomach already likes the sound of the sandwich model better.

활동하는 블랙홀을 관측하여 다양한 물리이론들의 정확성을 시험해 볼수 있다. 일테면 코로나에 등대불 모형이 맞는지 샌드위치 모형이 맞을지 확실히 해두기 위해 강착 원반의 관측이 필요하다.

 

A black hole's jet also comes in two flavors and observations can help us understand the relationship between them. But first, we need to learn about black holes that aren't eating.

블랙홀의 분출 역시 두 가지 이론이 있고 관측으로 그 두 이론사이의 관계를 이해할 수 있을 것이다. 하지만 무엇보다도 흡입하지 않고 있는 블랙홀에대해 더 알아야 할 필요가 있다.

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 A hungry black hole drifts through space with nothing to eat. Since it isn't emitting light, black holes that don't have enough food are nearly impossible to detect but scientists are building better tools all the time. However, the reason these drifting dark spheres are interesting is because there are a large number of them.

배고픈 블랙홀이 아무것도 먹지못하고 우주를 떠다닌다. 먹을 것을 충분히 확보하고 있지 않아서 [강착원반이 형성 되지 못하므로] 빛을 방출하지 못하기 때문에 검출(관측)하기는 매우 어렵다. 이런 떠 다니는 검은 구의 수가 상당히 많다.
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Mathematically speaking, there are many more black holes out there than the ones we see. Simply because black holes are difficult to see. On the British television series, Red Dwarf, the computer Holly says, 'The thing about a black hole, its main distinguishing feature, is it's black! And the thing about space, and your basic space color is it's black. So how are you supposed to see them?'.

이론적인 계산은 우리가 생각했던 것보다 훨씬 많을 것으로 보인다. 그저 블랙홀이 관측하기 어렵기 때문은 아니다. 영국의 티브이 시리즈 '붉은 왜성'에서 인공 지능 홀리가 한 말이 있다.

'블랙홀의 주된 특징이 검다는 것이다! 그런데 우주의 색 또한 검다. 그렇다면 블랙홀을 어떻게 보겠다는 거야?' 

Well, it's hard but not impossible to find these isolated black holes. Since black holes have a strong gravitational field, they create large curvature in space-time around them. Curved regions in space time can act as lenses which can reveal a black hole due to the warped background images of distant stars and galaxies.

이런류의 떠돌이 블랙홀을 관측하기는 어렵지만 불가능한 것은 아니다. 블랙홀은 강력한 중력장을 가지고 있으므로 주변의 시공간을 크게 왜곡 시킨다. 굽은 시공간은 마치 렌즈처럼 작동하여 뒤쪽으로 떨어진 별과 은하의 영상이 앞으로 드러난다. [중력렌즈]


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In fact, a hungry black hole gives astronomers the best evidence for the foods they dine on. For example, if a black hole is in a wide binary system far from its companion star, we would distinguish between the star's light and the light produced by the accretion disk. A wide binary system like this can tell us a lot about the black hole. Its mass and, therefore, its size, just to give you an example.

사실 천문학자들은 배고픈 블랙홀을 관측하여 블랙홀이 무엇을 먹는지 추정할 증거를 찾는다. 예를 들어 만일 블랙홀이 동반성에서 아주 멀리 떨어져 있다면 동반성의 빛과 강착원반의 빛을 구분할 수 있다.  동반성과 구분되어 관측 된다면 블랙홀을 더 잘 알 수 있다.



But if the black hole is close enough to its companion, the material it draws inward can get so hot and so bright that they become brighter than the parent star itself. The light being emitted from the star becomes difficult to distinguish from the light from the disk.

하지만 블랙홀과 동반성이 너무가 가깝게 놓여 있다면 빨려들어가는 물질들의 온도가 굉장히 뜨겁고 밝아서 별에서 나온 빛인지 강착원반에서 나온 빛인지 구분하지 못하게 된다.


In a sense, a binary system like this might look to astronomers the way a firefly dancing above a campfire might like to you across a dark field.

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09.01 - Introduction: Turn To Face The Strange

09.01 - Introduction: Turn To Face The Strange [커세라 강의 페이지]



Astronomers have been looking at black holes since 1963. We've learned a lot, but if we know all of this, why do astronomers keep asking for more money to build better telescopes? Why keep looking at black holes? What more can we learn about these systems, that we don't already know?

1963년 이래 천문학자 들이 블랙홀을 관찰해왔다. 그리고 블랙홀에 관해 많은 지식을 쌓아왔다. 그런데 여전히 더 좋은 망원경을 짓게 해달라고 요구한다. 블랙홀을 계속 주시해야 하는 이유는 무엇인가? 이미 지식을 축적해 알고 있는 이런 블랙홀 계에 관해 더 알아야 할 것이 있을까?

After more than 50 years, why haven't astronomers cracked the mysteries of black holes?

50 여년이 지난 지금도 천문학자들은 왜 블랙홀의 신비를 깨지 못하고 있을까?

Black hole binaries have helped us navigate our way through much of this course. We have pick them apart, and put them back together again, discovering what they contain, and how they work in the process.

이번 강의의 전과정에서 쌍성계가 블랙홀을 이해하는데 큰도움이 되었다. 블랙홀과 동반성이 어떤 구성을 하는지 어떻게 상호작용을 하는지 따로 떼어서 살펴보기도 하고 다시 합쳐보기도 했다.

The black holes that we have explored, have a companion star that is sending mass towards the black hole. The material that is stripped from the star, passes through a disk and corona to get the black hole. Unless it is thrown out via jet.

우리가 살펴본 블랙홀들은 동반성을 가지고 있었다. 이 동반성은 블랙홀로 물질을 공급한다. 동반성에서 취한 물질은 원반과 코로나를 거쳐 블랙홀로 빨려들어 간다. 일부 물질은 제트로 분출되기도 한다.


Looking at black hole binaries with visible light alone, can be quite limiting. So, we expanded our view to include radio, infrared, ultraviolet, and X-ray telescopes. These observations help astronomers learn about the underlying physics of each of the components of the binary system.

블랙홀의 가시광 영역에서 관찰은 아주 제한적이다. 따라서 관측의 눈을 전파, 적외선, 자외선 그리고 X선 망원경으로 확장했다. 이를 통해 천문학자들은 쌍성계를 구성하는 각요소에 담긴 물리학에 관해 더 많이 알도록 도움이 된다.


The reason for continued observations and studies, is that a black holes properties change over time. The brightness of a black hole depends on what the black hole is eating and whether it is actively feeding at all. If the black hole is eating, is it leisurely afternoon tea or a crazy pie eating competition. The rate at which black holes consume food can dramatically affect what we see through our multi-wavelength spectacles.

지속적으로 관측과 연구를 계속하려는 이유는 블랙홀의 특성이 시간이 감에 따라 변화하기 때문이다. 블랙홀의 밝기는 블랙홀이 물질을 흡수와 활발한 흡입 작용에 따라 변한다. 블랙홀이 물질들을 흡입하는 비율이 극적으로 높기에 다양한 파장으로 관측하여 엄청난 관측 결과를 보여주고 있다.

[관측 기술의 발달로 블랙홀에 대해 더 많은 것을 알아가고 있다. 겨우 50여년-천문학으로 극히 짧은 기간이다-의 시간으로 블랙홀의 활동이 관찰되는 것으로 봐서 급격한 변화를 일으키는 것으로 보인다.]

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2020년 8월 23일 일요일

08.09 - 평가시험: 블랙홀 찾기(Quiz: Hunting for Black Holes)

08.09 - 평가시험: 블랙홀 찾기(Quiz: Hunting for Black Holes)

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[처음][이전][다음]

2020년 8월 22일 토요일

08.08 - 요약: 블랙홀 찾기(Summary: Hunting for Black Holes)

08.08 - 요약: 블랙홀 찾기(Summary: Hunting for Black Holes) [커세라 강의 페이지]


In this module, we learned how astronomers observe black holes using the electromagnetic spectrum.

이번주 강의는 천문학자들이 전자기 스펙트럼을 통해 블랙홀을 어떻게 관측하는지 살펴봤다.


To explore the nature of black hole systems, we require telescopes that allow us to image a black hole's features in a large range of wavelengths from radio to x-ray and beyond.


블랙홀 계[블랙홀의 특이점과 그 주변의 구성체들]의 정체를 밝히기 위해 블랙홀의 특징을 보여주는 전파에서 X 선 그리고 그 넘어의 아주 넓은 범위의 파장에 걸친 관측영상을 얻을 수 있는 망원경이 필요하다.


Astronomers use the technique of spectroscopy to spread the light into an extended rainbow so that we can understand the radiative processes like Synchrotron radiation and Compton scattering that take place near the black hole.

천문학자들은 빛을 무지개처럼 넓게 펼쳐보는 분광학 기법을 활용한다. 이를 통해 싱크로트론 복사나 콤프톤 산란같은 블랙홀 주변에서 일어나는 복사현상(기조)을 이해할 수 있다.


Spectroscopy allows us to see the fantastic sights such as the jets, corona, and accretion disk around a black hole.

분광을 활용하면 블랙홀 주변의 멋진 현상을 볼 수 있는데, 제트 분출, 코로나, 강착원반 같은 것들이다.

Now that we know the components of a black hole spectrum, why do astronomers continue to look at black holes?

그럼 블랙홀 스펙트럼의 구성을 알아 냈으면서 왜 여전히 블랙홀을 주시하고 있는 것일까?

The reason we keep looking is that the spectrum of black holes, like the black hole systems themselves, change over time.

그 이유는 블랙홀의 스펙트럼이 블랙홀 계를 보여주면서 꾸준히 변화하고 있기 때문이다.


In the next module, we will take this a step further to examine what changes we observe. We will explore black holes that are on a strict diet as well as those that are extreme eaters and see how their meals change how they appear to us.

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08.07 - 내게 비춰봐!(Beam Me Up!)

08.07 - 내게 비춰봐!(Beam Me Up!) [커세라 강의 페이지]



Although structures like jets emit in the X-ray region of the spectrum, the X-ray band is dominated by the disc and corona. And so X-ray jet emission can be hard to detect in the region directly surrounding the black hole. Jet emission is more commonly associated with radio wavelengths.

비록 제트분출과 같은 블랙홀 주변의 구성물들이 전자기 스펙트럼 중 X 선 영역에서 복사를 일으키긴 하지만 X 선 대역에서 방출이 지배적인 곳은 (강착)원반과 코로나 이다. 따라서 X 선 분출은 블랙홀의 주변에서 직접 방출이 검출되지 않는다. 전파 파장대역의 전자기파를 주로 방출하는 곳은 주로 제트 분출이다.

In this lesson, we will take a look at the spectrum of a black hole and see why this may be the case. And explore the mechanism that creates this emission, discovering what this can tell us about black hole systems.

이번 강의는 블랙홀[주변 구조물에서 방출되는 빛]의 스펙트럼을 살펴본다. 그리고 그 스펙트럼의 근인이 무엇인지 알아본다. 그 빛을 뿜어내는 구조물의 기작을 살펴보고 블랙홀 시스템[블랙홀과 그를 둘러싼 여러 구조물 사이의 상호작용]을 알려줄 수 있는지 살펴보기로 하자.

If we return to the plot we have been examining during this module, we can see the addition of this new radio component. From right to left, this new component begins in the same region of the plot as the spectrum of the disc and the corona. The overlap in this region of the spectrum is due to all three components emitting a portion of their energy in the X-ray band. The new radio component then extends to longer wavelengths, or lower photon frequencies, peaking and then tailing off into radio frequencies.

The jet of the black hole is responsible for this new component of the spectrum. Jets are powered by synchrotron radiation, energizing photons through interactions with electrons, that are trapped in circular orbits around the magnetic field within the jet.

While we don't fully understand the mechanism that is used to launch the jet, astronomers suggest that the magnetic fields within the jet can be thought of as a tangled mess of spaghetti, that has been stretched out in one direction. This stretched out spaghetti causes the jet to transfer energy and angular momentum into the surrounding area. Particles energized within the jet can extend out to incredibly large distances.

Similar to the multicolored disc model, accurate descriptions of jets require us to consider smaller slices, in order to account for the different energies supplied by the synchrotron emission.

If the jet is cut up into narrow disks along its length, like slicing up a banana into small circular pieces. We can plot the spectrum of synchrotron emission from each of these disks. As we move away from the central black hole, the number of particles decreases, along with the strength of the magnetic field. By adding the contribution from each disc of the jet, we can recreate the spectrum of the jet.

One mystery astronomers are trying to solve, is why there appears to be two types of jets around black holes. The first type of jet is a continuous jet and just like water spouting from the nozzle of a hose, the continuous jet is a continuous stream of particles, constantly flowing outward along the path of the jet.

The second type of jet has multiple names, but it is seen as clumps of particles being emitted out of the jet. Scientists call these clumps, burps, bullets, or ejecta. Just like the continuous jet, jet ejecta provide a route for the spread of energy and angular momentum into the area surrounding a black hole. As a result, jets can sometimes be a mechanism to feed back energy into the region surrounding the black hole system.

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In this module, we have not yet considered how the orientation of the black hole system affects our observations. Since the jets tend to align with the spin axis of the black holes, the direction of their spin determines which way the jets point and how much light escapes.

If we are viewing a black hole system with the accretion disc from the side, the jets appeared to extend perpendicular to the center of the disc. If, on the other hand, we see the accretion disc from the top down perspective, the jet is pointed directly at us and appears to be much brighter. This is because the emission is beamed towards us, increasing the energy of the photons we receive.

If the system is at an intermediate angle, we will see a blue shift in the jet pointed towards us, while the jet angled away from us will be red shifted. We will also see that the jet angled in our direction is brighter than its counterpart. We should note that this difference in brightness and color is due to the beaming effect. It does not mean that one jet is actually more powerful than the other, or that they're emitting different wavelengths.

If the jet is offset from the spin axis of the black hole, then we may be able to detect a wobble from the jet. This has been recently seen in observations of the black hole binary known as V404 Cyg. A research team, including professors here at the University of Alberta, have been looking at V404 Cyg, to investigate its jet in more detail.

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[인터뷰] [커세라 페이지]
What types of jets could a black hole have?

Interview with Dr. Gregory Sivakoff, Professor at the University of Alberta

So the material comes into the black hole, falls onto the black hole. If you have your accretion disk, roughly speaking, there is a jet perpendicular to the accretion disk.

During the initial stages of the outburst, there is a jet which is like one continuous long burp. It's just a jet coming out. Sort of maybe imagine your water hose, you turn your water hose on and your water is coming out, except this is probably more like a cone of material coming out. It's a very, very narrow cone of material coming out in both directions, perpendicular to disc.

So that's what we call a compact steady jet. We call it a compact jet because it turns out that with all of our best instruments, we can't really see the structure of this too well as we go down the jet. We can tell some of it but we can't tell in detail.

Now it turns out that black holes have another type of jet behavior. And they undergo a switch where all of a sudden they go from this, sort of nice little compact steady jet to a sudden burst where instead of the compact steady jet, that compact steady jet seems to be gone. And you get these blobs of material that go out with time.

So these blobs of material are jet ejecta. In the Canadian press, we call these things black hole burps. The Americans call them black hole bullets. One of the reasons why they're called bullets, perhaps, in the American press, is that we talk about the trajectory that these things have. And so these objects go in a straight line. And that trajectory is called a ballistic trajectory. And so, it is not a small stretch to go from a ballistic trajectory to a black hole bullet.

The particular press release officer at the University of Alberta was not a fan of that particular description and went with burps. I think it's a wonderful analogy because we can talk about the feasting that the black hole is doing and relating it to their burps. Although they have different types of burps. Some are sort of your short staccato burps, and some of them are these long continuous burps.

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